Wednesday, November 25, 2015

MASTER OF BUSINESS ADMINISTRATION - MBA PROGRAMS


If your goal is moving ahead in your career, Keller’s MBA programs1 are often a key to your success. In today’s ever-changing world economy, employers have faith in management professionals to power their business. Developing management experience, reaching higher levels of responsibility and monetary reward typically need a Master’s Degree.

At the Helen Adams Keller grad school of Management, we have a tendency to work with business professionals to stay our business syllabus relevant serving to you to fulfill evolving market place demands. Our professors utilize AN experiential learning approach and convey real business challenges into the category space, so you'll learn the abilities you wish to create a bearing at work. Keller’s MBA syllabus covers company management best practices, further as sensible skills together with measuring, effective communication, leadership and cooperation. At Helen Adams Keller we provide career-focused education with operating professionals in mind. whether or not you're searching for AN on field or on-line MBA program, or to register during a grad school that provides a mix of each, we've got the pliability to fulfill your wants.

The Helen Adams Keller grad school of Management, Master’s in Business Administration programs have achieved voluntary enfranchisement from the enfranchisement Council for Business colleges and Programs (ACBSP, www.acbsp.org), demonstrating that they need met standards of business education that promote teaching excellence. For info on enfranchisement, please visit the enfranchisement page.

Want to grasp a lot of concerning however will|you'll|you'll be able to} earn your MBA degree from Keller? Request info and a member of our team can facilitate answer your queries.

MBA In Accounting

If you've got already started your career in accounting and ar seeking how to advance, earning AN MBA in Accounting from Helen Adams Keller will facilitate prepare you with the credentials to accelerate your progress. We've created a syllabus to assist offer you an intensive background within the theory and application of budgeting, auditing and taxes during a business atmosphere. you will additionally gain sensible expertise in corporate-level communication and presentation skills, collaboration and team-building exercises, business analysis coaching and different business administration skills whereas operating towards your Accounting MBA from Helen Adams Keller.
If you are a controller candidate, our MBA in Accounting syllabus will place you at a singular advantage as a result of it integrates Becker skilled Education's tested controller communication Review. Students World Health Organization prepare with Becker pass the controller communication at double the speed of non-Becker candidates.1

For over fifty years, Becker has been the leader in controller review making ready over four hundred,000 candidates for the controller communication. and since Becker's tested communication review is infused into Keller's controller preparation courses, you'll harden the controller communication and earn your academic degree at the same time, serving to you save time and tuition. in addition, you'll earn tutorial credits which will facilitate satisfy the sitting and/or licensing necessities in your state. Students should talk over with their state board of line for eligibility necessities.
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Sunday, November 22, 2015

Grand Canyon University


Since 1949, Grand Canyon University has been serving to students notice their purpose and come through their potential by getting ready them to pursue the profession of their dreams, advance in their current occupation, or re-career into a special field. As a Christian university, GCU conjointly encourages students to seek out their purpose in Christ, with a stress on applying Christian values and ethics to their studies and to the geographical point.

 Our on-line programs enable you to review at the days and places you select whereas still enjoying the shut reference to your classmates and instructors via on-line discussions. however in contrast to solely on-line universities, our programs ar supported with the integrity and status of a conventional field.

 Our categories ar fittingly sized and provide partaking interaction with classmates still as individual attention from instructors United Nations agency care regarding your success. Grand Canyon University is regionally licenced and systematically stratified among prime faculties giving on-line courses by noteworthy sources as well as Fortune tiny Business, Technology & Learning also Magazine, Fox.com, on-line Education information (OEDb) and additional.
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Kaplan University


Our Mission

 Kaplan University is AN academy of school acquirements committed to accessory avant-garde college man, graduate, and continued ready education. Our programs advance apprentice acquirements with opportunities to launch, enhance, or amendment careers in today’s various comprehensive society. The University is committed to accepted education, a student-centered account and abutment approach, and activated scholarship during a applied atmosphere.

 About Kaplan University

 Are you committed to accomplishing your academic and career goals? Kaplan University not alone offers on-line programs, however campus-based, and attenuated programs in fields like amusing and behavioural sciences, business, bent justice, education, bloom sciences, recommendation systems and technology, acknowledged studies, and nursing. Acceptance will acquire associate's, bachelor's, and master's degrees as healthy as certificates and diplomas.

 Who We Are

 Kaplan University could be a allotment of Kaplan school spot LLC, that could be a accent of Kaplan, Inc., a accent of Graham Holdings Company. Kaplan, Inc.'s advanced orbit of articles includes programs for youths and faculties, analysis preparation, school spot and ready coaching. day of remembrance of our offerings helps acceptance ability a crucial day of remembrance in their spot and careers.

 Our Purpose

 To accomplish its mission, Kaplan University has accustomed the later on purposes:

 Provide scholarly programs that settle for been developed and adjourned by school, staff, and associates of academic, skilled, and business communities.

 Provide accelerated and absolute spot application each onsite and on-line acquirements modes of offer that strengthens apprentice scholarly accomplishment.

 Instill in its acceptance the quantity of constant acquirements by aesthetic scholarly curiosity, creative and analytical thinking, and acquaintance of ability and variety.

 Plan and accommodate accessories and assets that acknowledge to the requirements of scholars, faculty, and staff.

 Assist acceptance in developing ready attitudes, values, skills, and methods which will advance success in their careers and in life.

 Prepare acceptance to accommodated the dynamic wants of their communities currently and within the future.

 Our Vision

 We area unit a relentless supporter for career advance by carrying a best-in-class academic acquaintance with AN unique charge to apprentice success.

 Our Values

 Our quantity ethics ascertain our ability and accommodate the framework for what we have a tendency to bear to our acceptance and advisers day of remembrance day.

 Integrity-We authority ourselves to the accomplished moral standards in combination we have a tendency to do.

 Knowledge-We action ready assets to recommendation you accomplish your scholarly and career best.

 Support-We accord you the article of clothing you charge to succeed.

 Opportunity-We accessible doors and augment admission to education.

 Results-We're committed to allowance you accomplish your goals-we accomplish if you succeed.

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Thursday, December 18, 2014

Differentiated Services


Flow-based algorithms have the potential to offer good quality of service to one or more flows
because they reserve whatever resources are needed along the route. However, they also have
a downside. They require an advance setup to establish each flow, something that does not
scale well when there are thousands or millions of flows. Also, they maintain internal per-flow
state in the routers, making them vulnerable to router crashes.
Finally, the changes required
to the router code are substantial and involve complex router-to-router exchanges for setting
up the flows. As a consequence, few implementations of RSVP or anything like it exist yet.

For these reasons, IETF has also devised a simpler approach to quality of service, one that can
be largely implemented locally in each router without advance setup and without having the
whole path involved. This approach is known as class-based (as opposed to flow-based)
quality of service. IETF has standardized an architecture for it, called differentiated services,
which is described in RFCs 2474, 2475, and numerous others. We will now describe it.

Differentiated services (DS) can be offered by a set of routers forming an administrative
domain (e.g., an ISP or a telco). The administration defines a set of service classes with
corresponding forwarding rules. If a customer signs up for DS, customer packets entering the
domain may carry a Type of Service field in them, with better service provided to some classes
(e.g., premium service) than to others. Traffic within a class may be required to conform to
some specific shape, such as a leaky bucket with some specified drain rate. An operator with a
nose for business might charge extra for each premium packet transported or might allow up
to N premium packets per month for a fixed additional monthly fee. Note that this scheme
requires no advance setup, no resource reservation, and no time-consuming end-to-end
negotiation for each flow, as with integrated services. This makes DS relatively easy to
implement.

Class-based service also occurs in other industries. For example, package delivery companies often offer overnight, two-day, and three-day service. Airlines offer first class, business class, and cattle class service. Long-distance trains often have multiple service classes. Even the Paris subway has two service classes. For packets, the classes may differ in terms of delay, jitter, and probability of being discarded in the event of congestion, among other possibilities (but probably not roomier Ethernet frames).

To make the difference between flow-based quality of service and class-based quality of
service clearer, consider an example: Internet telephony. With a flow-based scheme, each
telephone call gets its own resources and guarantees. With a class-based scheme, all the
telephone calls together get the resources reserved for the class telephony. These resources cannot be taken away by packets from the file transfer class or other classes, but no telephone call gets any private resources reserved for it alone.

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Spanning Tree Bridges


To increase reliability, some sites use two or more bridges in parallel between pairs of LANs, as shown in Fig. 4-43. This arrangement, however, also introduces some additional problems
because it creates loops in the topology.


A simple example of these problems can be seen by observing how a frame, F, with unknown
destination is handled in Fig. 4-43. Each bridge, following the normal rules for handling
unknown destinations, uses flooding, which in this example just means copying it to LAN 2.
Shortly thereafter, bridge 1 sees F2, a frame with an unknown destination, which it copies to
LAN 1, generating F3 (not shown). Similarly, bridge 2 copies F1 to LAN 1 generating F4 (also
not shown). Bridge 1 now forwards F4 and bridge 2 copies F3. This cycle goes on forever.

The solution to this difficulty is for the bridges to communicate with each other and overlay the actual topology with a spanning tree that reaches every LAN. In effect, some potential
connections between LANs are ignored in the interest of constructing a fictitious loop-free
topology. For example, in Fig. 4-44(a) we see nine LANs interconnected by ten bridges. This configuration can be abstracted into a graph with the LANs as the nodes. An arc connects any two LANs that are connected by a bridge. The graph can be reduced to a spanning tree by
dropping the arcs shown as dotted lines in Fig. 4-44(b). Using this spanning tree, there is
exactly one path from every LAN to every other LAN. Once the bridges have agreed on the
spanning tree, all forwarding between LANs follows the spanning tree. Since there is a unique path from each source to each destination, loops are impossible.
Figure 4-44. (a) Interconnected LANs. (b) A spanning tree covering
the LANs. The dotted lines are not part of the spanning tree.


To build the spanning tree, first the bridges have to choose one bridge to be the root of the
tree. They make this choice by having each one broadcast its serial number, installed by the
manufacturer and guaranteed to be unique worldwide. The bridge with the lowest serial
number becomes the root. Next, a tree of shortest paths from the root to every bridge and
LAN is constructed. This tree is the spanning tree. If a bridge or LAN fails, a new one is
computed.

The result of this algorithm is that a unique path is established from every LAN to the root and thus to every other LAN. Although the tree spans all the LANs, not all the bridges are
necessarily present in the tree (to prevent loops). Even after the spanning tree has been
established, the algorithm continues to run during normal operation in order to automatically
detect topology changes and update the tree. The distributed algorithm used for constructing
the spanning tree was invented by Radia Perlman and is described in detail in (Perlman, 2000). It is standardized in IEEE 802.1D.

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Local Internetworking


The previous section dealt with the problems encountered in connecting two different IEEE 802
LANs via a single bridge. However, in large organizations with many LANs, just interconnecting
them all raises a variety of issues, even if they are all just Ethernet. Ideally, it should be
possible to go out and buy bridges designed to the IEEE standard,
plug the connectors into the
bridges, and everything should work perfectly, instantly. There should be no hardware changes
required, no software changes required, no setting of address switches, no downloading of
routing tables or parameters, nothing. Just plug in the cables and walk away. Furthermore, the
operation of the existing LANs should not be affected by the bridges at all. In other words, the
bridges should be completely transparent (invisible to all the hardware and software).
Surprisingly enough, this is actually possible. Let us now take a look at how this magic is
accomplished.

In its simplest form, a transparent bridge operates in promiscuous mode, accepting every
frame transmitted on all the LANs to which it is attached. As an example, consider the
configuration of Fig. 4-42. Bridge B1 is connected to LANs 1 and 2, and bridge B2 is connected to LANs 2, 3, and 4. A frame arriving at bridge B1 on LAN 1 destined for A can be discarded
immediately, because it is already on the correct LAN, but a frame arriving on LAN 1 for C or F must be forwarded.


When a frame arrives, a bridge must decide whether to discard or forward it, and if the latter, on which LAN to put the frame. This decision is made by looking up the destination address in a big (hash) table inside the bridge. The table can list each possible destination and tell which output line (LAN) it belongs on. For example, B2's table would list A as belonging to LAN 2, since all B2 has to know is which LAN to put frames for A on. That, in fact, more forwarding happens later is not of interest to it.

When the bridges are first plugged in, all the hash tables are empty. None of the bridges know
where any of the destinations are, so they use a flooding algorithm: every incoming frame for
an unknown destination is output on all the LANs to which the bridge is connected except the
one it arrived on. As time goes on, the bridges learn where destinations are, as described
below. Once a destination is known, frames destined for it are put on only the proper LAN and
are not flooded.

The algorithm used by the transparent bridges is backward learning.As mentioned above, the bridges operate in promiscuous mode, so they see every frame sent on any of their LANs. By looking at the source address, they can tell which machine is accessible on which LAN. For example, if bridge B1 in Fig. 4-42 sees a frame on LAN 2 coming from C, it knows that C must be reachable via LAN 2, so it makes an entry in its hash table noting that frames going to C should use LAN 2. Any subsequent frame addressed to C coming in on LAN 1 will be forwarded, but a frame for C coming in on LAN 2 will be discarded.

The topology can change as machines and bridges are powered up and down and moved
around. To handle dynamic topologies, whenever a hash table entry is made, the arrival time of the frame is noted in the entry. Whenever a frame whose source is already in the table arrives, its entry is updated with the current time. Thus, the time associated with every entry tells the last time a frame from that machine was seen.

Periodically, a process in the bridge scans the hash table and purges all entries more than a
few minutes old. In this way, if a computer is unplugged from its LAN, moved around the
building, and plugged in again somewhere else, within a few minutes it will be back in normal
operation, without any manual intervention. This algorithm also means that if a machine is
quiet for a few minutes, any traffic sent to it will have to be flooded until it next sends a frame
itself.

The routing procedure for an incoming frame depends on the LAN it arrives on (the source LAN) and the LAN its destination is on (the destination LAN), as follows:

1.  If destination and source LANs are the same, discard the frame.
2.  If the destination and source LANs are different, forward the frame.
3.  If the destination LAN is unknown, use flooding.

As each frame arrives, this algorithm must be applied. Special-purpose VLSI chips do the lookup and update the table entry, all in a few microseconds.


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Comparison of 802.11 with 802.16


At this point you may be thinking: Why devise a new standard? Why not just use 802.11?
There are some very good reasons for not using 802.11, primarily because 802.11 and 802.16 solve different problems. Before getting into the technology of 802.16, it is probably
worthwhile saying a few words about why a new standard is needed at all.


The environments in which 802.11 and 802.16 operate are similar in some ways, primarily in
that they were designed to provide high-bandwidth wireless communications. But they also
differ in some major ways. To start with, 802.16 provides service to buildings, and buildings
are not mobile. They do not migrate from cell to cell often. Much of 802.11 deals with mobility,
and none of that is relevant here. Next, buildings can have more than one computer in them, a
complication that does not occur when the end station is a single notebook computer. Because
building owners are generally willing to spend much more money for communication gear than
are notebook owners, better radios are available. This difference means that 802.16 can use
full-duplex communication, something 802.11 avoids to keep the cost of the radios low.

Because 802.16 runs over part of a city, the distances involved can be several kilometers, which means that the perceived power at the base station can vary widely from station to station. This variation affects the signal-to-noise ratio, which, in, turn, dictates multiple
modulation schemes. Also, open communication over a city means that security and privacy are essential and mandatory.

Furthermore, each cell is likely to have many more users than will a typical 802.11 cell, and
these users are expected to use more bandwidth than will a typical 802.11 user. After all it is
rare for a company to invite 50 employees to show up in a room with their laptops to see if
they can saturate the 802.11 wireless network by watching 50 separate movies at once. For
this reason, more spectrum is needed than the ISM bands can provide, forcing 802.16 to
operate in the much higher 10-to-66 GHz frequency range, the only place unused spectrum is
still available.

But these millimeter waves have different physical properties than the longer waves in the ISM bands, which in turn requires a completely different physical layer. One property that
millimeter waves have is that they are strongly absorbed by water (especially rain, but to
some extent also by snow, hail, and with a bit of bad luck, heavy fog). Consequently, error
handling is more important than in an indoor environment. Millimeter waves can be focused
into directional beams (802.11 is omnidirectional), so choices made in 802.11 relating to
multipath propagation are moot here.

Another issue is quality of service. While 802.11 provides some support for real-time traffic
(using PCF mode), it was not really designed for telephony and heavy-duty multimedia usage. In contrast, 802.16 is expected to support these applications completely because it is intended for residential as well as business use.

In short, 802.11 was designed to be mobile Ethernet, whereas 802.16 was designed to be wireless, but stationary, cable television. These differences are so big that the resulting standards are very different as they try to optimize different things.

A very brief comparison with the cellular phone system is also worthwhile. With mobile phones, we are talking about narrow-band, voice-oriented, low-powered, mobile stations that
communicate using medium-length microwaves. Nobody watches high-resolution, two-hour
movies on GSM mobile phones (yet). Even UMTS has little hope of changing this situation. In short, the wireless MAN world is far more demanding than is the mobile phone world, so a
completely different system is needed. Whether 802.16 could be used for mobile devices in the future is an interesting question. It was not optimized for them, but the possibility is there. For the moment it is focused on fixed wireless.

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